Fire Proof Buildings

Fire Proof Buildings

Every building should be constructed, equipped, maintained and operated to avoid undue danger to life and safety of the occupants from fire, smoke, fumes or panic during the survival time available for escape.

Building Codes advocate the traditional evacuation by stairs in fire affected buildings upto three or four storey. All buildings which are 15 m in height or above, and all buildings used as educational, institutional, industrial, and buildings having an area more than 500 sq. m on each floor shall have a minimum of two staircases. They shall be of enclosed type : at least one of them shall be on external wall of the building and shall open directly to the place of safety. In taller buildings, fire lifts should be provided with emergency power supplies. In case of power failure, lifts and escalators tend to suddenly stop in between floors, trapping the occupants in the lift. Hence, lifts and escalators should not be considered as exits.

Safe exit for the occupants in a building on fire requires a safe path of escape from the fire in the shortest possible time. This path, which should be as short as possible should be ready for use in case of emergency.  Provision of two separate means of exits for every floor, including basement, is a fundamental requirement.

Although builders and owners often establish their own requirements, the minimum Code requirements must be met. Features covered in these codes include structural design, fire protection, and means of egress, light, sanitation, and interior finish. A Building Code is recommendation that sets forth minimum requirements for design and construction of buildings and structures. These minimum requirements are established to protect the health and safety of society, and generally represent a compromise between optimum safety and economic feasibility.

The design of any buildings and the type of materials used in its construction are important factors in making the building fire resistant. A structure or structural element should be designed to possess an appropriate degree of resistance to flame penetration; heat transmission and failure. The fire resistance of a structural element is expressed in terms of time in hours it can withstand a fire of specified temperature. The reinforcement detailing should reflect the changing pattern of the structural section and ensure that both individual elements and the structure as a whole contain adequate support, ties, bonds and anchorages for the required fire resistance. Additional measures such as application of fire resistant false ceilings in tensile zone, should be adopted in case the nominal cover required exceeds 40 mm for beams and 35 mm for slabs.

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Beat the Heat

Beat the Heat

Everyone likes a cool home to relax during the hot summer months. With a little effort you can help your interiors to be more cool and refreshing on a hot summer day.

As the days become longer in the summer season we usually like to make use of it. If, however the windows in the home are old or inexpensive the house may become hot as heat is allowed to get into rooms. Windows of high quality vinyl or wood will help in the energy efficiency of your home.

You should think of using horizontal blinds or shutters on both inner and outer windows. Blinds or shutters should be positioned so the sunlight is directed upwards to the ceiling. This produces the effect of a skylight as it provides indirect, natural light indoors with little cooling cost. Wood blinds and shutters are better than metal blinds. Cooling the home centers on air circulation.

Another popular method of cooling is to use fans when you can't have air conditioners. They are affordable and efficient and help to disperse the heat and circulate air.

Minimal overhead lighting is recommended by interior decorators. When reading or performing a task you could use a lamp rather than turning on an overhead light. Whenever an overhead light is turned on energy furniture in the summer is best. This includes floor coverings. You should roll up the wool and oriental carpets and bring out light coloured cotton area rugs and durries. This is because dark colors absorb and hold heat while light colours reflect it.

If using plants choose them according to the proportions of your living area. Evergreen plants such as scheffleras, dracaenas and ficus are large enough to stand alone and blend well into a large area such as a huge living space or a dining hall. Plants that have glossy leaves and elegant shapes should be preferred and placed in good looking containers. Brass or terracotta ones are ideal.

Finally having a small fountain in your home or a terracotta container filled with water and a few flower petals floating on it will give a cool effect to the home. Your house can be eco-friendly, energy-efficient and a haven of refuge from the summer heat.

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Choosing Bowls and Vases

Choosing Bowls and Vases

At times, both the container and its contents would largely be elegant and enchanting. Bowls and Vases  display such a trait. They add gracefulness and spread a delicate charm to the interiors, enlivening the whole atmosphere inside the home. If some attractive and exceptionally beautiful centerpieces are available or if one wants to place the favourite flowers, then Vases and Bowls are perfect elements for them. They are available in a variety of materials like glass crystal, terracotta, wood, porcelain, brass, copper, silver, and stone. Some of them do not require any maintenance. But others like silver require care and attention to keep them in original and natural sheen.

Bowls are available in any shape and size, so as to suit the need.  They are small, round, oval and square. As decor elements these crystal, glass, silver or porcelain bowls just by virtue of being themselves are capable of creating an elegant centerpiece, but to enhance the table, things like fruits, coloured stones, aroma candles flowers etc., could be placed in them. For a beautiful arrangement of fruits on the dining table, fruit bowl in glass, crystal or even steel can be used.

At south Indian homes nowadays we find an ethnic and popular arrangement of floating flowers placed in large brass bowls and 'Urulis'.  These are placed on the floor usually at the entrance of a home or the living room.

If the home has low tables around, then choosing shallow bowls will be a better option or even improvising with soup bowls and coffee cups will be attractive.  Nowadays the modern rage is the ceramic bowls which are handcrafted and handmade.  They are also ideal in adding a dash of ethnicity to the home.

VASES:

Nature spreads a riot of colours during the summer time through the profusion of colourful flowers.  Some of these flowers when brought in, carry with them the sunshine and freshness into one's residence. Fresh flowers from wherever the sources, whether bought from florist or just picked as a bunch from the garden, they actually liven up any room.

But the process of selection is the most important aspect in the floral arrangement. The right Vase has to be chosen for the right flower. Then a visual treat can be created. Flower Vases are available in variety of shapes – tall, short, round, square, narrow, wide etc. Most common variety available these days are Vases shaped like urns and any kind of flower can be placed in such Vases.  The bud vases allows only a few long stems to be placed. These Vases conveniently hold only certain varieties of flowers.

Orchids, lilies, grasses and other exotic flowers look splendid when placed in straight and narrow Vases.  If a single flower of vivid colour is placed it will produce dramatic effect.

A group of Vases can be clustered together and the Vases could be either of the same height or staggered. When placed against a plain wall this arrangement creates an extraordinary visual impression. If short and stout Vases are preferred then creating a round floral arrangement using flowers like begonias will be most suitable. But, it is important to keep the size of the Vases and the size of the flowers in proportion. The rule of thumb to follow is to keep the flowers two thirds taller than the Vases.

The Vases which are hand crafted with designs that are meant to be displayed, are quite artistic and add character to the room. The best area to place them is  on the floor in corners and places that need highlighting.  Grouping together a few of them will create an impressively grand visual effect.

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Plants in Pots

Plants in Pots

Plants when grown and kept in apt ambience, create a scene of fullness and prosperity. If placed in proper receptacles they look splendid. Changing the monotony and dullness in the place is the essential aspect, and when looked after carefully they become the constant and silent companions of the dwellers at home.

Either at indoors or outdoors, plants always remain a source of charm, beauty, freshness and vitality. The entire environment looks more inviting and the dreary and boring scenario gets changed into a lovely and lively ambience.

At the same time plants also need to be given a facelift by putting them in the right kind of pots and displaying them in such a way which enhances their beauty. They thus transform plain and empty open spaces into a green paradise and add character to the surroundings.

While selecting the pots attention should be concentrated regarding the present and final size of the plants' growth and also the place where the plants are going to be displayed. One could well imagine putting a plain, simple plastic or clay pot amidst richly decorated interiors.

There is no deficiency in the varieties and designs of pots to choose from – clay, terracotta, ceramic, plastic or brass are a few among them. The best and healthiest medium to grow plants is in the clay pots. The reason is that the soil in them gets the right amount of fresh air and water as the superfluous water and air are removed through the pores. Normally most of the clay pots have a hole at the base through which the excess water gets drained out automatically. As far as maintenance is concerned they hardly need any, but the one weak point is that they are breakable. If they are to be placed outside, it would be better to paint them in bright colours with a few geometric designs. If they are to be kept indoors, a few mirrors or other suitable decorative items could be stuck on the painted pots. The terracotta pots are available in a wide variety of shapes and sizes and they certainly add an enchanting earthly feel to the nearby surroundings.

There are no problems in using plastic pots. They are trouble free, unbreakable and are also lighter in weight than the clay pots.

If brass pots are taken for  consideration, they are excellent and spell class. But their prices are very high. Their beautiful gold colour stands out in almost any kind of décor with a distinct air of aristocracy.  They need some maintenance and should be cleaned and polished regularly.

The better idea would be placing the clay or plastic pot inside a brass pot. When the plant needs watering or sunshine, the brass pot need not be shifted and it is the one inside that is taken out.

The ceramic pots of whatever shape they might be, round, oval or long and slender, are capable of working wonders in enhancing the surroundings with their impressive colours. But because of the material from which they are made makes them very fragile and extra care and caution has to be exercised while handling them.

Selection  of Plants  and  display

While selecting the plants, the dimensions of the display area are to be kept in mind.  Glossy leaved plants and plants of elegant shapes could be selected. Plants could be used to highlight dull corners or stairways. Pot stands are best options to display plants, especially when there is shortage of space.  There are single or multiple potholders of various shapes, like spiral or ladder designed.   Cane baskets can also be used, for they would enhance aesthetic attraction.

Small clay pots having plants with small colourful flowers in them could be hung from balconies or placed on stairways or windowsills. 

The space under a stair case can be decorated by placing a huge pot or a cluster of small pots on a bed of pebbles and shells. To celebrate special occasions a large and beautiful brass pot may be placed at a significant position. The whole stretch can be sprinkled with some water and some colourful flower petals strewn over so as to cover the whole surface. Finally when a lighted diya is placed in the centre a visual splendour would have been created.

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Noise Control for Buildings

Noise Control for Buildings

While designing a building, the one aspect that is mostly overlooked is that of Noise control. Noise is injurious both physically and mentally to all human beings. It will be felt in the long run, after having caused irreparable damage. Hence it is vital to bring down the sound levels during construction stages and later too.

The buildings scenario in the country is rapidly changing. The main reason is the proliferation and fast phase of the construction work.  All the major cities are witnessing continuous makeover, but this need not be the reason for ignoring certain basic and simple guidelines.  Buildings must be in harmony with the five natural elements like earth, fire, water, air and ether and also with the five senses of humankind like sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch.  The built environment must be a stress-buster and not a stress-spreader.

Spaces for all varieties of occupation like for entertainment, retail, offices and residences are well planned and designed for visual aesthetics, life safety, comfort and other important aspects, but no attention is paid for acoustics and noise control. The second sense of humans, hearing, which follows that of the visual being the first in order of importance is greatly ignored.

Sound is a very essential element. When the Television is watched in mute mode, all the sensations and melodrama is vanished. But the same sound if excessive, becoming a rough quality of noise, the sense of hearing is not in harmony with the other senses of human beings. This aggravates stress.

Acoustical  Problems

In Residences. The distressing and persisting hum of the water pump in the basement amplified through the elevator shaft, the low-flying aircraft rattling windows, flush noise punctuating studies and meditation, the traffic noise piercing through the balcony, the sounds of dialogues and music from the television echoing in the hall are some of the common experiences of disturbing sounds in the residences.

In Office Campuses. In the offices where people spend half of their lives, the jarring hardships they have to endure are many.  The central court entrance hall, reverberating with disagreeable combination of loud noises of street noise and visitor voices, the canteen filled with and spilling out the continuous sound of techno-babble, the roof top chiller unit transmitting down the painful vibrations, the recently completed road connection or flyover sending in noise from speeding vehicles even into the hitherto quiet conference room and the unavoidable voice-based call-centres all add to the discomfort of the auditory sense.

Other built spaces.  Most of the sound emanating from the general and common sources are unavoidable. The beating and thumping from the disco clubs where people dance to the recorded pop music disturbing the room guests in fashionable and flamboyant star Hotels, the modern elevated light transit railway bringing in the clatter to a studio, noise transfer between the adjacent halls of a multiplex, an action movie with special sound – effects spoiling a peaceful romantic moment or missing out an important announcement in public spaces are some of the resultant problems from noise transference and noise magnification.

Ignoring  Acoustics

Normally most of the architects and civil consultants the prime movers of the design community, place emphasis on the visual and other comforts but often tend to ignore acoustics. Attention is turned towards it only when it becomes a major problem post - occupancy.  Very few projects requisition the services of acoustic experts to be on board at the design stage. Most are in the misguided notion that an acoustic expert is required only for special venues like cinemas, auditoria and studios. This is an erroneous view.  To understand enjoy and realize the true potential of any built space, the second sense of mankind ie., the hearing must be given its due importance.

To give a similarity, while India had adopted Euro III norms for smoke emission from vehicles, when most of the developed world is on Euro V in acoustics and noise control we were still at Euro I, what the developed world was doing 20 years back. As India's GDP inexorably rises and we fancy ourselves as an economic powerhouse, as we get used to the latest models of laptops, mobile phones, automobiles and home appliances similar to Euro V, we must rapidly upgrade the quality of sound around us to at-least Euro III if not Euro V. This is certainly possible if more emphasis is given to acoustics and noise control in built spaces.

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Natural Building Materials

Natural Building Materials

It is a common misconception prevailing in the minds of builder and owners that the more exotic the materials are used for construction the more attractive and longer lasting the structures would remain. Even when the locally available materials are used, the built structures will display the strength and long endurable vitality. They could easily withstand climatic extremities of that particular region and the building also looks perfectly coalesced one with the surrounding ambience.

It is quite common to find sea facing buildings showing signs of premature ageing, the window frames corroded, walls darkened, the paint peeling off because of the high levels of salt content. Climate has a very important role to play in the maintenance of buildings. The type of materials used, the method of construction opted determine the heath of a building.Local materials like sand and stone are normally structured to suit the climatic conditions of the place.  Hence, when buildings are constructed using locally available materials, invariably the structures display the strength to withstand the extremes of climate in that particular region. In such cases, climatic erosion of buildings is least.

The type of architecture of a place too reflects an adherence to this climatic factor as buildings have to be naturally adapted to tackle extremes of climate in the absence of artificial means of support. Thus a cold place would reflect more of wood based structures to retain the warmth, a more tropical climate would display high ceilings to eliminate the circulation of hot air.Currently buildings use materials as well as designs that are based more on styles suited to taste than to the local climate. For instance, the typical Kerala architecture encompasses sloping roofs and wide corridors to tackle the heavy rains.  However, the modern structures do not display such conformity with local requirements.

Similarly, the stones used in some of the old buildings in Mumbai have withstood the test of time as well as climate. The same cannot be said of the more current buildings where locally available materials have not been used. Again, the locally available laterite stones in Mangalore are best suited to tackle the heavy rains and the sea in the coastal belt but how many local buildings use it is a totally different question.

Though thematic buildings break the monotony by bringing in a novelty to a structure, many a time, the design as well as the materials used imported from a different place, do not fit in, giving rise to defects.To avoid such mismatch and the resulting problems, it is best to go in for structures that are inherently suited to local climatic conditions.  However, there are materials like steel which every modern building cannot dispense with irrespective of its location. While steel does not get corroded easily, it is important to go in for the right type of steel which is treated for anti corrosive properties to be used in coastal areas as otherwise it can prove to be risky for the buildings.

Similarly non-ferrous materials like aluminium, polymer and wood should be used in coastal areas to prevent rusting. Wood, when seasoned well, can withstand the worst of climates. Of course the wood used here should be stable wood.Modern buildings also sport more of glass walls than brick structures. If these glass walls face the South or West, the building is sure to heat up. The situation is worse if glass walls face south west as the maximum heat is from this direction.  Bricks, terracotta tiles and stones are best suited to insulate the building from heat.

Another factor that leads to overheating of interiors is the absence of sunshades for windows.  Traditional buildings not only used less of glass but the windows too sported wooden doors protected by sunshades. These sunshades not only acted as shields from the sun but also kept out the rain. These recessed windows were marvelous protectors from the harsh climate.

While it is best to use locally available materials and conform to local architecture to reap the maximum benefit in terms of climate tolerance, it is not feasible to do so at all times as other factors such as lifestyle, the use the building is to be put to have a say in the design. It is then best to compromise in a manner that the building continues to be climate friendly albeit the modern design. And this compromise can be achieved by opting for local materials wherever possible and arriving at a design that is sensitive to local conditions.

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Wardrobe Selections

Wardrobe Selections

In spite of dwelling in a spacious home with all the necessary accessories, we at times face embarrassing moments, unable to find enough storage space. The discomfort arises either due to the storage space at home falling way short of requirements or failing to meet the required parameters. The wardrobes should be organized and structured in such a way so as to suit specific needs of the household.In earlier times, wardrobes were more similar to stacks of shelves covered with wooden shutters, such a scene has now been drastically changed. There are enormous designs and options available, each customized to suit individual likes and requirements.

They range from simple structures with hanging provisions along with a set of drawers to ultramodern walk-in wardrobes entirely with display platforms and a lounge, in a space large enough to serve as a room. These walk-in wardrobes offer a lot of space for storage. Here, only one door is placed and everything else is open. There are no shutters which might be crowding out the available space.Walk-in wardrobes are most convenient and suitable, when a small section has been separately earmarked for storage. In these types, instead of going in for the traditional wardrobes with individual shutters, the entire section is assigned one access door.

Inside the walk-in closet, there should be plenty of hanging space defined at different heights, complemented by open shelves. The bottom level can sport deep drawers to store extra linen and things.For storing of items like undergarments and others that cannot be hung, a separate set of drawers could be arranged. Footwear need not be clubbed along with the cloth items, which is also not hygienic.

The bottom section of a wardrobe can be used for the provision of a locker. It would be better to fabricate a locker in the bottom shelf and this locker should be anchored to the floor so that it becomes immobile. Even it could be concealed with a loose piece of wood if need arises. Usually the loft is used for storing suitcases and other large items that would not fit into the lower shelves of the wardrobe. Most often and unfortunately the loft and its contents are not easily accessible. This could be solved by having wardrobes that have large shelves so that these pieces could be accommodated.

This exercise could be done only in houses which can afford extra storing space. But space becoming the rarest of the commodities, nowadays, we have to resort to loft spaces for such storage. For such eventualities, it would be better to go in for a large dumping unit in the loft.If wardrobes are situated in a not so much illuminated place, then lighting can be arranged inside them controlled by a toggle switch. A separate section could be kept for hanging clothes that have been used once, but will be worn again before washing. It will be sensible to have shutters in this section that will breathe. Even the storage unit for footwear should possess similar shutters.

In market plenty of wardrobes are available off the shelf to suit variable requirements. These come with adjustable shelves and in combinations of drawers, shelves and hanging space.With all these apparent advantages like attractiveness, good designs and quick availability, the major requisite is the durability of the wardrobe. Most of the users are appreciative of a traditional wardrobe made from standard and solid wood and typically lasting 25 to 40 years.  Being not customized they lack the personal touch. They are mostly standardized. They are not long lasting because they are essentially made from particleboard.While acquiring a wardrobe it should be seen that its structure would have to be designed,  keeping in mind the nature of the user and the quantum of storage space required. Also the available space for accommodating it should be taken into consideration.

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Conserving Water From All Sources

Conserving Water From All Sources

Group Housing complexes have many choices in implementing water harvesting projects.  Water has turned out to be a precious commodity. Its shortage is felt acutely nowadays in most of the places. Being a limited resource, individuals should take the personal responsibility of conserving it to the maximum possible extent and utilizing it to the judicious minimum extent. For housing societies, several solutions to tackle water woes are offered.But it could be truly practical only if everyone possesses a proper knowledge so as to understand it well, and there is also an imperative need to maintain the system well so as to reap its benefits. More than everything, all the residents of a housing society should imbibe in themselves an acute sense of responsibility, for then only the entire system could succeed well and serve to its fullest capacity.

Rain Harvesting

Most people are under the wrong notion that rainwater harvesting demands leaving more space and they could not afford it.  But the experts feel that this should not be a worrying problem, for rainwater harvesting is not a huge engineering project requiring a lot of space. Some of the easy and practical harvesting methods that any housing society can deploy effectively without much trouble are mentioned below.

Trench Bore Pits

This method could be applied to properties with large areas. Here, the run off water from the rooftops is diverted into the bare soil or garden in the premises. A trench of one metre deep and half metre wide is dug at the periphery of the plot. Two to five bores, each two metres deep, are drilled and filled with broken bricks.  The trench is covered with a grill.  The entire run off water is trapped in the trench. From here it percolates underground through the bore pits.

This was the first and earliest method of rainwater harvesting to be followed. But soon it fell out of favour, because many were not fully aware of the exact depth the trench to be dug. Not digging to the correct depth and instead digging a shallow pit will not serve the purpose.

Pebble Beds

In houses and complexes with large open spaces, a wide pit is dug along the compound wall and filled with large pebbles (Nowadays people use broken bricks which are far cheaper and just as effective as the pebbles). The pit is then covered with perforated RCC slabs.  The run off water from the roof and surface is directed into it. The pebbles need to be cleaned once a year so as to improve the percolating capacity.

Experts do not favour this system because here too one cannot be sure about what should be the depth of the pit. Another major drawback is that this kind of digging was found to damage the compound wall.

Service-cum-recharge Well

Among all the methods of harvesting rainwater, the method of Service-cum-Recharge Well is the most effective, and economical one, which is best suited for households and housing societies.  In this method a service Well or an existing Well and also the ground water table is recharged by directing rooftop and surface run off water into them.  Here, any open Well within the complex itself is utilized. The rooftop water is clean, unlike the surface run off water, and hence can safely be let into the Well. If the compound does not already have an open Well, then a service Well should be constructed.  The water that gets accumulated in it can be used for immediate purposes.  The surface run off water can be tapped near the gate by providing a gutter with a perforated lid. This water can be piped into a recharge Well.

The ground water can also be effectively recharged through soak pits that have sandy layers and brick jelly. The wastewater from household chores can be diverted into this.

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Ventilation at Homes

Ventilation at Homes

Though all the five Elements of Nature are essential for the life of all living being on earth, air is without dispute  the prime  among them. And within the house, we need proper ventilation for a salubrious atmosphere and healthy living.  For getting the welcome cool breeze inside the house, it is imperative that the air should be able to flow around the house freely.  It is a proven fact that on the windward side the air blows with some force or energy so that it not only enters the house but also absorbs and carries the heat to the outside on the leeward side of the building. To facilitate easy flow of air, we should have lots of open space in the way of its entry and some space on the other side for its easy exit as well. But the availability of more space in an urban context can be just about 10 feet and in a metropolitan city like Bangalore, even 5 feet will ensure quite a bit of natural ventilation.

A big house should mean that we have open space around the house, especially on the windward side. It will be better and beneficial to plan houses in such a way that the open space around the house becomes part of the house, and extend the house outward visually so that we can feel the house getting extended to the open space.

The sensible way to get this done is by taking the outside inside by bringing the open space inside and make it part and parcel of the house.  If we build from one end of the site to the other, covering more or less completely, then we are sure to feel cramped and ultimately suffer from lack of light and air.  As far as light is concerned, the natural light can be compensated to a certain extent, by artificial lighting, but not the natural ventilation. A fan just churns the same stale air. The air conditioners merely cool the air, recirculating a part of the used and exhaled air to reduce the load on the system.

It is the nature of air to blow from an area of higher pressure to that of lower pressure. On the windward side the air pressure is higher, on the leeward side the pressure is proportionately lower. Therefore to facilitate this we need to keep bigger windows on the windward side and even small windows will do on the leeward side to exhaust the warm and stale air.   

Wind will have positive pressure on the south and west during the summer monsoon months and similarly there will be negative air pressure on the north and east during this season. We feel the flow of air only when it passes by our body as a stream. But it flows rather slowly most of the time, even if we do not exactly feel it. The reason for this is the pressure differential between the two sides of a building, either adjacent or opposite sides. Even this slow movement of wind brings many air changes per hour and provide the much needed relief from heat.

Air Circulation

Even when there is absolutely no air movement, or the condition which people normally call a 'still air ' conditioner, there certainly will be air exchanges happening. In this case there will be gaseous movement due to air diffusion, which is nothing but gaseous exchange from a higher level of concentration to lower level.  Generally carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, body odour, cigarette smoke etc., which is being generated inside the house will be exchanged to the fresh air from outside, carrying in the much needed oxygen to the inside.  This exchange goes on in a passive way and even for this to happen we need sufficiently big windows to the outside.

Trees are always helpful in directing and cooling the breeze into the house. Trees with a large canopy not only cool the house, but also guide the breeze inside the house through the windows, likewise, shrubs and bushes could be strategically planted to guide useful breeze to the inside of the house and filter hot rays of sun.

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